Are all instincts random and arbitrary

Are all instincts random and arbitrary Human instincts are the innate characteristics that determine specific behaviors while instincts are innate abilities of human beings or animals, which enable them to adapt to diverse and changing environmental conditions for survival purposes. Human beings or animals respond to unique environments depending on the instincts that direct them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are all instincts random and arbitrary? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, when a baby is born, the instinctive responses are crying and sucking, which enable the baby to attract attention of the mother and satisfy hunger respectively. In animals, young ones of birds display instinctive behavior of flying without prior experience. These instinctive behaviors emanate from innate characteristics. Since instincts are innate and specific to certain characteristic behaviors, not all of them are random and arbitrary. Although environment modi fies some instinctive behaviors, others emanate exclusively from the innate characteristics. According to nativists, â€Å"all aspects of human behavior are instinctive and humans have inbuilt instinctive behaviors that are genetically determined †¦ we are born with certain core capabilities and knowledge that provide the basic the basic structure of learning† (Spink 2). Genes are responsible for the specific instincts that are unique to human beings or animals. Within species, instincts are similar due to the similarity of genetic information. On the other hand, species’ variability of instincts occurs due to the diversity of genetic information. Since instincts are innate and specific to certain characteristics, they can never be random and arbitrary because the genetic information dictates them. The genetic makeup defines specific instincts relative to their application in nature. Human beings portray instinctive behaviors that are not arbitrary. For instance, all babies have instinctive behavior of suckling in order to satisfy their hunger. Spink argues that, â€Å"babies engage in sucking behavior that generally emerges unprompted, although some babies have problems with sucking, it is an innate or instinctive behavior† (1). This shows that sucking is a natural instinct, not arbitrary, because all babies have the innate ability of doing it. If the ability of the babies to breastfeed were a random instinct, then, some babies would be unable to breastfeed while others would learn in order to breastfeed properly. Therefore, the ability of babies to breastfeed instinctively and in a uniform manner means that instincts are specific rather than random in controlling human behaviors.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Language development in human beings is instinctive because children can develop it without learning. An informati on behavior is an instinctive process of language development. According to Spink, â€Å"†¦it is a cognitive process that is not taught, but is innate to humans as people are able to consciously understand that they need to undertake behavior processes of information finding, organizing, and using to make sense of their environment (2). Therefore, language development can never be an arbitrary process since human beings use rational and logical minds to understand their environment and to generate information. Animals also depict that, instincts link intricately with the innate characteristic behaviors. For example, all birds have instinctive ability to fly due to innate characteristics of their genes. A young bird begins to fly when wings’ muscles mature while the instincts drive the bird to fly. If the instincts were random and arbitrary, some birds would not be flying while others would have unique abilities such as walking instead of flying. Therefore, not all insti ncts are random and arbitrary because they are innate and specific in their functions. Spink, Amanda. â€Å"Instinct Versus Environment.† Springer Journal of information  Behavior 11.85. (2010): 1-10.

Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana

Marijuana has positive aspects; where as cigarettes and alcohol do not. Hearing this you might ask well then how come it is illegal? Marijuana should be legalized because it has medical benefits for sick patients, it is proven not to be a gateway drug and users under the influence of this drug are not considered a danger to society. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) reported that marijuana had therapeutic value and that there are some circumstances where smoking marijuana would be beneficial. Marijuana helps treat certain sick and dying patients. The state of Wisconsin has recognized this and has introduced a bill to the US Supreme Court that would legalize medical marijuana. The bill is based on a law enacted by Hawaii’s legislature in 2000 allowing patients to grow, possess and use medical marijuana with physician approval. One option the government has is legalizing marijuana for medical use. A lot of people have their facts wrong about marijuana. They usually place this drug in the same category as cocaine, heroine, LSD. It is a proven fact that marijuana is less harmful to your health than cigarettes and less threatening to alter one's behavior to a violent manor than alcohol. Smoking 5 joints do the same amount of damage to your lungs as smoking 1 cigarette. Cigarettes contain chemicals and other harmful ingredients that make the smoke more harmful to your health than natural grown marijuana. Alcohol causes more people under the influence to be more violent than someone under the influence of marijuana, yet alcohol is legal for some reason. Now since the facts are straight there should be no doubt in anyone’s mind that marijuana should be legal. Who are the people pushing for the legalization of marijuana? A group of potheads? Most people don’t realize that some government officials are behind the legalization of marijuana. For example former New Mexico’s governor Gary Johnson is one of the most prominent elected of... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana Most people in today’s society use substances to â€Å"alter† their minds. This isn’t new to our society it has been happening since the beginning of time. Some of these substances are legal and potentially deadly and others are illegal. Some of the legal drugs or substances that are being used everyday by most people are on the shelves in the grocery store or are being served at restaurants. Some of these drugs are less powerful than others, but almost all Americans are using them. Caffeine is a drug, tobacco is a drug, and alcohol is a drug. All of these are legal and can be deadly if used in an unsafe or unhealthy pattern. According to the United States report on Drug War Facts the leading cause of death in 2002 was tobacco with 435,000 deaths. Alcohol related deaths came in third at 85,000. It seems strange that there were no attributed deaths for marijuana use in 2002 and it is illegal. There are many benefits to the legalization of marijuana. If the United States government legalized marijuana it would eliminate a lot of the legal issues that are clogging up our courtrooms. The law enforcement officials could spend more of their valuable time catching hard-core criminals. Not only will the legal system be more efficient on the war on drugs. But the legalization of marijuana could help the U.S. economy by opening up new jobs. The government would make a lot of money in taxes, sales and distribution costs, and these new jobs would lower unemployment rates in the country. Many government agencies such as the Drug Enforcement Agency and police departments argue that marijuana shouldn’t be legalized. These agencies believe that if marijuana is to become legal, then there will be thousands of more people using it. Another reason these agencies don’t want to see marijuana legalized is because they don’t think there is enough evidence that proves it is an effective drug as ... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana One day about eight years ago, Judge James P. Gray held a press conference on the steps of the Santa Ana courthouse where he served and still serves as a California superior-court trial judge. He spoke out that day against U.S. drug policy, referring to the war on drugs as "our biggest failure" and calling for the legalization of marijuana. Many in his community, from the sheriff to the deputy district attorney expressed outrage. Some questioned the judge's integrity, and Gray admitted that his speaking out would probably keep him from being considered for future judicial positions. But he had seen too much; he felt compelled to take a stand. Judge James P. Gray is only one of the many citizens of the United States that believes Americas â€Å"War On Marijuana† is a loosing battle that is both immoral and dangerous. Those who favor the criminalization of marijuana have been telling the public the same story for over 60 years of prohibition. Marijuana is harmful and a gateway to every other substance known to man. Alcohol and tobacco use already cause enough damage to society, so why legalize another intoxicant? Furthermore, critics of the medical use of marijuana say there are enough traditional medications to help patients and that permitting the medical use of marijuana sends the wrong message to the public. Well America, you are being lied to! Marijuana is far less dangerous than alcohol or tobacco. It fails to inflict the types of serious health consequences these two legal drugs cause. Around 50,000 people die each year from alcohol poisoning and more than 400,000 deaths each year are attributed to tobacco smoking. By comparison, marijuana is nontoxic and cannot cause death by overdose. According to the European medical journal, The Lancet, "The smoking of cannabis, even long-term, is not harmful to health. It would be reasonable to judge cannabis as less of a threat than alcohol or tobacco.† Additionally, for a si... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana How would you like to go to a cafà ©, have a cup of coffee, and smoke a joint? This is common in some parts of Europe, such as the Netherlands. However, in the United States, marijuana is illegal. Marijuana can be good for you, yet it can also cause many great dangers. Marijuana, long outlawed by federal legislation, is making major advances toward legalization in the United States. Marijuana is increasingly the cause of much commotion and debate, as the question of legalization becomes more of an issue. Marijuana has been a cash crop in United States since the colonial days. It was cultivated primarily for the hemp, which was used to make rope. The prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s was the gateway for commercial trade in marijuana for recreational use. By the 1930s there were said to be 500 tea pads for smoking marijuana in New York City alone (McKnight 1). As a result, some 27 states passed criminal laws against the use of marijuana (Solomon 2). During this time, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics submitted a report that suggested that the use of marijuana was directly linked to crime, induced violent behavior, and caused insanity (Lupian 3). Based on the report Congress approved the "Marijuana Tax Act of 1937," which required a one dollar tax stamp to grow, sell, or possess marijuana (Solomon 2). The penalties that accompanied this act were severe. Without marijuana tax stamps, which were never issued by the government, a person could face five years' imprisonment, a $2,000 fine, or both. In Virginia, possession of marijuana carried with it a mandatory sentence of 20 years, higher than first-degree murder and rape (Whitebread 12). After World War II, individuals’ view of marijuana began changing. The Beat Generation, the trendsetters of the fifties, referred to marijuana as â€Å"tea.† The hippies of the sixties followed the ideas of the beats but called marijuana â€Å"grass.† The federal government, seeing the incre... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization of marijuana is a highly debated issue in today’s society. While some would believe that the law should remain unchanged, many would disagree and say that it is time for a change. Marijuana is a very misunderstood drug that is thought of as dangerous and gateway when in fact it is in anything but. Because of most people in America’s ignorance of marijuana it has become illegal for all the wrong reasons and should highly be reconsidered for legalization. Many people don’t understand that for centuries, marijuana has been used by different nationalities of people for religious, recreational, and medical use. So why is the legalization of marijuana in the United States such a big problem for people today? Considering many see marijuana as a gateway drug and the recreational use, marijuana has developed a negative reputation. However, many people are chronic users and believe that this drug is no more harmful than smoking cigarettes. Marijuana has b een used by mi! llion of people for many, many years and has been proven to be safe for medical uses. Despite its useful medical effects for relieving pain and nausea, marijuana is a psychedelic drug that will be looked down upon because of false claims about it. The value of helping the medical world would far out weight its potential to be abused. Even though marijuana was illegal, its use continued in the United States. Ernest L. Abel, author of the book Marihuana states, â€Å"In 1972, the National Commission on Marihuana estimated that about twenty-four million Americans over the age of eleven had tried marijuana, at least eight million were still using it, and about half a million were using it every day† (Abel, 259). Thought to have just been a fad, the use of marijuana use still is strong in today’s society. On November 27, 2001 a National Household Survey stated, â€Å"34 percent of all Americans 12 and older have tried Marijuana today† (Marijuana Remains Euro... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Marijuana has positive aspects; where as cigarettes and alcohol do not. Hearing this you might ask well then how come it is illegal? Marijuana should be legalized because it has medical benefits for sick patients, it is proven not to be a gateway drug and users under the influence of this drug are not considered a danger to society. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) reported that marijuana had therapeutic value and that there are some circumstances where smoking marijuana would be beneficial. Marijuana helps treat certain sick and dying patients. The state of Wisconsin has recognized this and has introduced a bill to the US Supreme Court that would legalize medical marijuana. The bill is based on a law enacted by Hawaii’s legislature in 2000 allowing patients to grow, possess and use medical marijuana with physician approval. One option the government has is legalizing marijuana for medical use. A lot of people have their facts wrong about marijuana. They usually place this drug in the same category as cocaine, heroine, LSD. It is a proven fact that marijuana is less harmful to your health than cigarettes and less threatening to alter one's behavior to a violent manor than alcohol. Smoking 5 joints do the same amount of damage to your lungs as smoking 1 cigarette. Cigarettes contain chemicals and other harmful ingredients that make the smoke more harmful to your health than natural grown marijuana. Alcohol causes more people under the influence to be more violent than someone under the influence of marijuana, yet alcohol is legal for some reason. Now since the facts are straight there should be no doubt in anyone’s mind that marijuana should be legal. Who are the people pushing for the legalization of marijuana? A group of potheads? Most people don’t realize that some government officials are behind the legalization of marijuana. For example former New Mexico’s governor Gary Johnson is one of the most prominent elected of... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization of Marijana: For It's time we put to rest the myth that smoking marijuana is a fringe or deviant activity, engaged in only by those on the margins of American society. In reality, marijuana smoking is extremely common, and marijuana is the recreational drug of choice for millions of mainstream, middle class Americans. According to the most recent NIDA data1, between 65 and 71 million Americans have smoked marijuana at some time in their lives, and 10 million are current smokers (have smoked as at least once in the last month). In fact, NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) found that 61% of all current illicit drug users report that marijuana is the only drug they have used; this figure rises to 80% if hashish (a marijuana derivative) is included. A recent national survey of voters found that 34% one third of the voting adults in the country acknowledged having smoked marijuana at some point in their lives(NIDA,1). Many successful business and professional leaders, including many state and federal elected officials from both political parties, admit they have smoked marijuana. We should begin to reflect that reality in our state and federal legislation, and stop acting as if otherwise law-abiding marijuana smokers are part of the crime problem. They are not, and it is absurd to continue to spend law enforcement resources arresting them. Marijuana smokers in this country are no different from their non- smoking peers, except for their marijuana use. Like most Americans, they are responsible citizens who work hard, raise families, contribute to their communities, and want a safe, crime-free neighborhood in which to live. Because of our marijuana laws, these citizens face criminal arrest and imprisonment solely because they choose to smoke a marijuana cigarette when they relax, instead of drinking alcohol. They simply prefer marijuana over alcohol as their recreational drug of choice. ... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Marijuana: Right or Wrong? Alysen Rogers: Argumentative Essay Perhaps an issue less debated than abortion or the death penalty, but equally potent, in today’s society concerns the legalization of cannabis sativa: marijuana. Though often times this debate is simply written off as a joke, it is extremely relevant, and affects us all. Through careful analysis of facts and various opinions, one, when analyzing the data with an open mind, will inevitably arrive at the conclusion that the legalization of marijuana should transpire. One argument which uninformed opponents of marijuana’s legalization use to contest its legitimacy is that of health concerns. These opponents attempt to argue that marijuana causes lung cancer and kills brain cells. However, this argument contains no scientific evidence and is just not true. Marijuana has never actually been proven to cause such effects and is merely a myth. Myths like these that surround marijuana have for years been widely propagandized throughout society by the government in order to brainwash society into accepting them as fact so to legitimize the government’s resolve in maintaining marijuana’s illegal status. Unlike cigarettes and alcohol, which are massive corporations and are able to lobby and buy government support, marijuana is entirely at the mercy of the uninformed populous. By comparing cigarettes and alcohol to marijuana, the fallacy of the legal system is apparent. To this date, there have been no reported deaths as a result of mar ijuana, while cigarettes and alcohol kill countless numbers every year. A certain percentage of every American’s tax dollars goes toward fighting the war on drugs, in particular marijuana. If analyzed, one is able to discern the futility of this war. Americans, like it or not, are going to smoke marijuana. Facts show that over the past forty or so years, the number of smokers has risen steadily. After spending immeasurable sums of mo... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana The Legalization of Marijuana For years the debate over whether or not to legalize marijuana has gone back and forth. Each side bringing out more and more â€Å"studies† to defend their case. The truth is, both sides do make valid arguments. Then they make another one to discredit their opponent’s valid arguments. This paper will attempt to sift through some of the fluff and bring to light some truth. The truth is, marijuana should be legalized. This is not to say, we should deregulate it completely, but lawmakers should decriminalize the possession and consumption of it by responsible adults. There are several advantages to legalizing marijuana. Besides the recreational values, it’s been proven to have certain positive medicinal values. It can also create a whole new source or revenue in taxes to the federal and state governments. What’s more, current funding for the persecution and prosecution of marijuana smuggling, growing, selling, and using could be used, perhaps more effectively, in other areas. Those who favor prohibition however claim several disadvantages. Most of these focus on mental and physical health issues that have yet to be proven convincingly. Others, make the claim that the legalization of marijuana would actually bring an increase in the use of other drugs, an increase in violent crime, and create a virtual nightmare for law enforcement. Most of these claims have very serious holes in them, as we will explore in some detail. First, however, I feel it is important for us to take a quick glance at the origins of our current laws against marijuana and how they progressed to where we are today. Marijuana was first regulated at the federal level by the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, which required anyone producing, distributing, or using marijuana for medical purposes to register and pay a tax and which effectively prohibited non-medical use of the drug. Although the act did not make medical use... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana The purpose of this paper is to discuss marijuana and compare both sides of the issue of legalizing marijuana. We have two factions fighting each other; one those who are pro-marijuana and those who are anti-marijuana. These two factions have been fighting on this issue on the halls of justice for years. Pro marijuana legalization groups such as the Physician's Association for AIDS Care, National Lymphoma Foundation argue that marijuana should be legalized in order to treat terminally ill patients. Among them are AIDS victims who find that marijuana stimulates their appetites so they can fight off dangerous emaciation; glaucoma sufferers who have used marijuana said it has prevented them from going blind, and cancer patients for whom it alleviates the severe nausea that is often accompanies chemotherapy and sometimes makes lifesaving treatment impossible. Due to all these lobbying groups which show substantial evidence that marijuana can be used as a prescribed drug. Also many advocates who are pro marijuana complain that morphine and cocaine are legal and are very dangerous drugs, that brings up the question why not legalize marijuana as medical drug which is proven to be less dangerous than cocaine and morphine. Lobbying groups in a San Diego, California , council committee unanimously voted to urge president Bill Clinton and congress to end federal restrictions against the use of marijuana for " legitiment medical use." City council women Christine kehoe said she wanted the city of San Diego "to go on the record we support the medical use marijuana.; marijuana can be a drug of necessity in the treatment of AIDS, glaucoma, cancer and multiple sclerosis." Many agencies which are anti marijuana such as Drug Enforcement Agency and police departments argue that mariju... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Marijuana is a misunderstood drug that is thought of as dangerous, when in fact this is in anything but the case. Because of people’s ignorance and gullibility, marijuana has become illegal for all the wrong reasons and should highly be reconsidered for legalization. People today don’t understand that for centuries marijuana has been used by different nationalities of people for religious, recreational, and medical use. Marijuana has been legalized in such European countries as Holland and Belgium. Currently, it is speculated that Germany, Spain, and Portugal are also leaning towards the idea of legalizing marijuana (www.marijuanareform.org†¦). So why is the legalization of marijuana in the United States such a problem for many people today? Considered to be a gateway drug and the reason for the downfall of our youth today, marijuana has developed a negative reputation. However, many people who are chronic users believe the drug is no more harmful than cigarettes . Despite its useful medical effects for relieving pain and nausea, marijuana is a psychedelic drug that will be looked down upon because of false claims about the influences it has on the mind. The use of marijuana dates back over 5,000 years ago when the Chinese used it as an anesthetic. Greeks, Persians, and Romans also used the drug to control muscle spasms, reduce pain, and treat indigestion (www.innerbody.com†¦). On March 15, 2002 a recent study was performed which showed teenage drug abuse has dropped slightly in recent years, but still 54 percent of American kids use marijuana before high school graduation (Leaver 1). Since marijuana was made an illegal narcotic, there have been many arguments over its illegal status. Why is such a commonly used drug such a problem to most people? Well, the answer may be that not everyone fully understands what happens to a person when he or she is intoxicated from marijuana. Ignorance about marijuana is a problem for most peop... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana What Is Marijuana Marijuana, a drug obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the ubiquitous hemp plant Canabis sativa (or Cannabis indica). Smoked by rolling in tobacco paper or placing in a pipe. It is also otherwise consumed worldwide by an estimated 200,000,000 persons for pleasure, an escape from reality, or relaxation. Marijuana is known by a variety of names such as kif (Morocco), dagga (South Africa), and bhang (India). Common in the United States, marijuana is called pot, grass, weed, Mary Jane, bones, etc. The main active principle of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol. The potency of its various forms ranges from a weak drink consumed in India to the highly potent hashish. The following consists of pure cannabis resin. Marijuana is not a narcotic and is not mentally or physically addicting drug. One can use mild cannabis preparations such as marijuana in small amounts for years without physical or mental deterioration. Marijuana serves to diminish inhibitions and acts! as an euphoriant. Only once in a while will it produce actual hallucinations. More potent preparations of cannabis such as hashish can induce psychedelic experiences identical to those observed after ingestion of potent hallucinogens such as LSD. Some who smoke marijuana feel no effects; others feel relaxed and sociable, tend to laugh a great deal, and have a profound loss of the sense of time. Characteristically, those under the influence of marijuana show incoordination and impaired ability to perform skilled acts. Still others experience a wide range of emotions including feelings of perception, fear, insanity, happiness, love and anger. Although marijuana is not addicting, it may be habituating. The individual may become psychologically rather than physically dependent on the drug. Legalization Of Marijuana Those who urge the legalization of marijuana maintain the drug is entirely safe. The available data suggested, this is not ... Free Essays on Legalization Of Marijuana Legalizing Marijuana â€Å"The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) estimates that the government’s war on pot smokers [alone] costs taxpayers $9.2 billion annually† (Feder, Murdock, â€Å"Symposium†). Possession of marijuana was made a crime within the United States in 1937 when Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act. Besides this law the drug has been commonly used among US citizens. Washington DC, in recent years, has declared war on illegal drugs, vowing to end the illegal drug traffic within and across the US borders and to stop the consumption of these illegal drugs, of which marijuana is the largest contributor and most widely consumed. Despite the billions of dollars spent trying to stop the supply and demand of these drugs; these politicians continue to lose this war of theirs. The prohibition of marijuana increases the incidence of crime, has huge economic cost, and prevents medical patients from benefiting from the drug’s therapeutic properties. Thus, the legalizati on of marijuana would have positive implications for the United States. There are others who disagree. These people feel that legalization would lead to the formation of other habits and to health problems, such as, the use of harsher drugs and to psychological and personality problems that can come from using marijuana. These individuals feel that the negatives of marijuana use far outweigh the positives, and feel the use of marijuana should remain illegal. They consider marijuana to be a â€Å"gateway† drug. They claim that people start off with just smoking marijuana, but they soon get the urge to try something a little bit stronger. But as Richard Lowery points out in his essay for the National Review, just â€Å"because a cocaine addict used marijuana first doesn’t mean he is on cocaine because he smoked marijuana† (Lowry, â€Å"Weed Whackers†). Marijuana succeeds as a medical treatment where other prescription drugs fail. Experts from the Na...

Working with Your Tentative Quantitative Research Question Assignment

Working with Your Tentative Quantitative Research Question - Assignment Example Internal validity answers the effect of subject variance in the experimental and control group. Additionally, in one-subject research it resolves the cause of a treatment in the behavior of the subject compared to other factors. In descriptive research, is concerned with the study’s quality and accuracy. There are various extraneous variables that jeopardize and control the internal validity of an experiment (Acheson, 2010). They include history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, selection, statistical regression, experimental mortality, and selection interaction. In selection interaction, the methods of selection interact with single or multiple threats, thereby biasing the results of the study. In experimental mortality, the variables drop out of the research. If one group incurs a greater subject level of mortality and withdrawal than others, then the differences between the subjects become questionable. Consequently, the elements in comparison need to be equivalent at the research start. Their equivalence makes the difference between the subjects measured by the dependent variables at the research end are caused by independent variables rather than orgasmic ones. ... Also, when the human observers are used, the observer’s judgment changes every time rather than the performance of the subjects. Consequently, the subjects are always pretested to find out that the subjects are beginning the study at an equal level. An after math of pretesting protocols is that they can change the performance of the subjects on later tests that measure similar domains above the effects that are caused by the same treatment. However, the degree to which the result of the study can be applied or generalized to other people shows its external validity (DuPont & Plummer, 1990). The group research that employs randomization will possess greater external validity than the research that does not employ random assignment. The factors that affect the external validity of a study include: interaction, pretesting, setting, and interventions. The interaction between two variables shows their treatment and selection. If the elements are not selected from the population ran domly, then their orgasmic features may be performance biased and the results of the study may not apply you the other \group that represents the features of the population (Faull et al., 2007). Pretesting a subject causes them to either react less or more strongly to treatment than if pretest lacked. In some instances the researcher cannot conclude that population members who did not under pretest would perform in same manner to those subjects in the study. The subject performance is a more reaction or product to the setting of an experiment than in variables that are independent. For instance, subjects knowing they are participants in a research, or who knows of being observed, reacts differently than the experienced subjects who have know no knowledge.